Revolutions, industry, nation-states and empires that spanned the globe. These articles cover the long nineteenth century.
Enslaved people rose in Saint-Domingue in 1791, outlasted Spain, Britain and Napoleon, declared Haiti in 1804, then paid former slaveholders until 1888.
· 1804Britain fought China from 1840 to 1842 after Lin Zexu destroyed British opium at Canton. The Treaty of Nanjing opened five ports and ceded Hong Kong.
· 1840In English the chiefs ceded sovereignty; in Māori they gave kāwanatanga and kept tino rangatiratanga. The Waitangi Tribunal has judged the gap since 1975.
· 1840Sepoys at Meerut rose on May 10, 1857 over greased cartridges and marched to Delhi. Parliament took India from the Company by an Act of August 2, 1858.
· 1857The phrase came from an 1840 letter and a 1901 novel. The events were Russian armies taking Tashkent, Samarkand, Khiva, Kokand and Merv, 1865 to 1884.
· 1865Egypt granted the Suez concession, bought 44 percent of the shares and supplied the labor. In November 1875 a bankrupt khedive sold that stake to Britain.
· 1869The General Act signed in Berlin on February 26, 1885, drew no borders. It set trade and river rules; the partition came by treaty and war, 1886 to 1914.
· 1885
