Articles about wars & battles across every continent and era, oldest first.
Egypt's text of the peace between Ramesses II and the Hittite king Hattusili III is dated year 21. The UN gives 1269 BC, Livius.org about 1259 BC.
· 1259 BCZheng Zhenxiang excavated Fu Hao's unlooted tomb at Yinxu, Anyang, in 1976; the name inscribed on 109 of its bronzes divided scholars by 1986.
· 1200 BCMerneptah's Karnak inscription and Ramesses III's year 8 text at Medinet Habu name the Sea Peoples. Breasted, Cline and Roberts added the rest.
· 1177 BCAlexander succeeded Philip II in 336 BC, crossed to Asia in 334, beat Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela and reached the Punjab before his army turned back.
· 336 BCArrian gives Alexander 47,000 men against a Persian army 'said to contain' a million, and has Darius flee first; a Babylonian diary says he was deserted.
· 331 BCPolybius says Hannibal told King Antiochus how, at nine, his father had him swear at an altar never to be a friend of the Romans. Livy calls it a story.
· 237 BCHannibal left Spain in 218 BC with 37 elephants; Polybius gives a five-month march and 15 days in the Alps. His numbers and his pass are still argued.
· 218 BCOn August 2, 216 BC, Hannibal's 50,000 let their center bend back and closed around a Roman army of 80,000. Polybius puts the Roman dead at 70,000.
· 216 BCTrapped for seven days at Baideng, Emperor Gaozu of Han escaped through the chanyu's consort; Han then sent a princess and yearly silk, wine and food.
· 200 BCPolybius heard Scipio quote Homer as Carthage fell in 146 BC. R. T. Ridley traced the salted-earth story to a 1930 sentence in the Cambridge Ancient History.
· 146 BCShapur I took Valerian prisoner near Edessa in AD 260 and recorded it in a trilingual inscription and rock reliefs in Fars. Rome told it differently.
· AD 260Tang and Abbasid armies fought at Talas in July 751, but Sogdian letters on paper from about 313 show Central Asia had paper centuries earlier.
· AD 751INAH says Bonampak's Structure 1 has three rooms from c. 790-792 showing an heir, a battle with captives, and a ceremony, unseen by outsiders until 1946.
· AD 790Alcuin's two letters and two Anglo-Saxon Chronicle texts record the Lindisfarne raid of 793. Digs since 2016 found graves of adults, children and babies.
· AD 793Rajendra I's inscriptions list the ports his ships took, from Srivijaya to Kadaram, but give no reason for the war. Historians read the gap differently.
· 1025Three or four horses per rider, a decimal army the Khitans and Jurchens already used, relay stations a day apart and Chinese siege technicians.
· 1206In 1218 the governor of Otrar killed 450 merchants Genghis Khan had sent to trade; the shah then executed a Mongol envoy, and the Mongols invaded in 1219.
· 1218Rukn al-Din Khurshah surrendered to Hülegü on November 19, 1256. Juvayni, Hülegü's secretary, then sorted the Alamut library, keeping some books and burning the rest.
· 1256Baghdad fell to Hülegü on February 13, 1258; the caliph died on February 20. A chronicle counted "more than 800,000" dead; copyists made it two million.
· 1258In 1142 the Count of Tripoli gave Hisn al-Akrad to the Hospitallers. In 1271 Sultan Baybars took its keep with a forged surrender letter, Ibn al-Furat records.
· 1271In autumn 2011 a Ryukyu University team found a Yuan warship's keel off Takashima, 23 to 25 meters down. A second hull followed in 2014.
· 1281Rein Taagepera's estimates give the Mongol Empire 24 million km² around 1300 and Rome 4.4 million in its years on top; only Britain's empire grew larger.
· 1300Mehmed II took Constantinople on May 29, 1453, with a giant cannon, ships hauled overland past the harbor chain, and 53 days against under 5,000 defenders.
· 1453Babur lost Samarkand three times, took Kabul in October 1504 without a fight, and beat Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat on April 20, 1526, with 700 roped carts.
· 1504
