Articles about rulers & dynasties across every continent and era, oldest first.
Egypt granted the Suez concession, bought 44 percent of the shares and supplied the labor. In November 1875 a bankrupt khedive sold that stake to Britain.
· 1869Kume Kunitake published the Iwakura Mission's official record in 1878; the National Diet Library gives the mission's 1871 departure and aims.
· 1871Kaufman took Khiva on June 10, 1873. The khan knelt June 14, ended slavery June 24 and in August signed 18 articles ceding the right bank of the Amu Darya.
· 1873Article 1 of the treaty signed at Ganghwa on February 26, 1876 called Joseon an autonomous state. The Gojong Sillok prints all twelve articles.
· 1876The Draft History of Qing on the 1875 debate, Zuo Zongtang's march to Urumqi, Turfan and Kashgar, Yaqub Beg's death at Korla in 1877, and the Ili treaty of 1881.
· 1877The House of Lords put six death estimates for the 1876-1878 Indian famine on record, from 600,000 to 6 million, and debated Temple's relief wage.
· 1877On February 3, 1879, Chelmsford wrote that every record of No. 3 Column was lost. The Gazette printed the dead by name; the Commons divided 246 to 306.
· 1879Three police shot at Stringybark Creek on October 26, 1878; a 56-page letter left at Jerilderie in 1879; Glenrowan in June 1880; the gallows, November 11.
· 1880A 50-year tobacco monopoly granted on March 8, 1890 for 15,000 pounds a year; a fatwa ended it by January 1892, and the bill was 500,000 pounds.
· 1891On January 17, 1893, Queen Liliʻuokalani yielded Hawaiʻi under protest to US troops. Cleveland called it an act of war; Congress apologized in 1993.
· 1893Article 17 of Wuchale says Menelik "consents" to use Italy in foreign business. Rome told the powers it would conduct it. Adwa decided which word stood.
· 1896Rawson's ultimatum to Khalid bin Barghash ran out at nine on August 27, 1896. Lyne, a Zanzibar official, timed the bombardment at thirty-seven minutes.
· 1896Signed at Peking on September 7, 1901 by China and eleven powers, the Boxer Protocol set an indemnity of 450 million taels at 4 percent over 39 years.
· 1901Thousands camped in Tehran's British legation garden in July 1906 until the shah decreed an assembly. That Majles was shelled in 1908 and shut in 1911.
· 1906Lord Mersey's report of July 30, 1912, blamed excessive speed; Senator William Alden Smith's May 28 speech named Captain Smith's "overconfidence and neglect."
· 1912A sea-level plan, yellow fever and bankruptcy stopped the French in 1889. The United States finished a lock canal in 1914 on a treaty signed for Panama by a Frenchman.
· 1914Balfour's letter to Lord Rothschild, approved by the Cabinet and dated November 2, 1917, set beside the McMahon letter of 1915, the 1922 mandate and 2017.
· 1917The New Zealand steamer Talune carried influenza to Western Samoa in November 1918. American Samoa's quarantine held, and Western Samoa lost a fifth of its people.
· 1918On March 1, 1919, 33 Korean leaders read a declaration of independence at the Taehwagwan and surrendered; students marched from Tapgol Park and Korea rose.
· 1919Signed June 28, 1919, it took Germany's land and army and fixed its liability; Germany called it a Diktat, Keynes Carthaginian, the U.S. Senate refused it.
· 1919Sèvres (1920), signed by the sultan's ministers, partitioned Anatolia; Ankara drove Greece from Smyrna, ended the sultanate and won Lausanne in 1923.
· 1923Moscow cut Turkestan, Bukhara and Khorezm into republics named for nationalities in 1924-25, on Stalin's definition of a nation, and revised them to 1936.
· 1924The Butler Act banned teaching evolution in Tennessee schools. The 1925 Scopes trial ended in a $100 fine, reversed in 1927 on a jury technicality.
· 1925Gandhi's letter of March 2, 1930 told Lord Irwin he would 'disregard the provisions of the salt laws.' The march left March 12; a pact came in March 1931.
· 1930
